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lung cancer final weeks

 patients are usually faced with the unpleasant perception of symptoms and complications associated with the disease. This stage of the disease may cause major physical and mental changes in patients. In the following, we will mention some common signs and symptoms in the final weeks of lung cancer.

Weakness and fatigue: Patients may feel very tired and generally weak. This is usually due to nutritional deficiencies, decreased lung function, and the disease's effect on the immune system.

Respiratory problems: Lung cancer can cause breathing problems. In the final weeks, patients may experience shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, severe coughing, bleeding from the lungs, or a feeling of suffocation.

Pain: Pain in the chest and lung area is also a common complication in the final weeks of lung cancer. This pain may be chronic and intermittent and can be controlled using painkillers and drug treatments.

Severe loss of appetite: In the final weeks, patients may almost lose interest in food and suffer from a severe loss of appetite. This usually happens because of the complications of the disease and the side effects of the treatments they may be taking.

Dehydration: Patients may face problems related to maintaining and controlling water in the body in the final weeks. Dehydration can cause swelling in the limbs, fatigue and discomfort.

Mental and emotional changes: In the final weeks, patients may experience severe mental and emotional changes. This includes depression, anxiety, stress, anger, reluctance to socialize, or mental fatigue.

Palliative care: In the final weeks, palliative care may be considered to improve the patient's quality of life. This includes providing pain relievers to reduce pain, supportive care to help with breathing, nutritional care to maintain nutritional status, and psychosocial support to help cope with mental and emotional changes.

It is important to know that each person and each disease situation is unique and symptoms and complications may be different for each person. In case of any worrisome symptoms or complications, it is important to consult your doctor so that he can give you the necessary guidance and prescribe the appropriate care.

Halodoc, Jakarta - Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder of irrational thought patterns and fears (obsessions) that make the sufferer perform repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions and compulsions can interfere with activities and trigger stress.

When people with OCD try to ignore or stop their obsessions, it makes them feel distressed and anxious. Ultimately, OCD sufferers feel compelled to act compulsively to relieve stress. Despite trying to ignore the disturbing thoughts, the sufferer will do the same thing again.

Also Read: Can Past Trauma Really Cause OCD?

Symptoms of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

People with OCD may not realize that their obsessions and compulsions are excessive and irrational. Although the obsession and compulsion takes a lot of time and disrupts the routine and even the social function of the sufferer.

Obsessions are repetitive, intrusive thoughts, and urges that cause distress or anxiety. This obsession interferes when the sufferer tries to think or do other things. Examples of obsessive behavior in OCD sufferers:

Fear of dirt.

Need things that are orderly and symmetrical.

Aggressive or fearful thoughts about hurting yourself or others.

Unwanted thoughts, including aggression or ***ual subjects.

While compulsion is repetitive behavior that is excessive and often unrealistic. Here are some examples of compulsive behavior:

Wash or clean.

Checking.

Calculation.

Order.

Follow a strict routine.

Demand a guarantee.

ocd therapy

There is treatment or treatment to relieve OCD sufferers, namely psychological therapy and drugs. One of the psychological therapies that can be done is a type of therapy to help deal with fear and obsessive thoughts without overcoming compulsions. In addition to therapy, antidepressants can help balance chemicals in the brain.

Psychological Therapy

A suitable therapy for OCD sufferers is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP). Therapists help sufferers solve problems and deal with obsessive or compulsive behaviors. Therapy begins with mild situations before moving on to more difficult situations. People with mild OCD usually need about 10 hours of therapy combined with home exercises. In severe cases of OCD, the sufferer may need longer therapy.

Drug Consumption

It is done if psychological therapy is not successful in overcoming OCD. The drugs that are often used are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This drug helps relieve OCD symptoms by increasing levels of a chemical called serotonin in the brain. This medicine needs to be taken for 12 weeks to see the effect. Most people need treatment for at least a year until they are declared cured.

Psilocybin, a naturally occurring substance found in magic mushrooms or master mushrooms, is a chemical compound that has strong psychoactive effects. Some research has shown that taking psilocybin in some people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can significantly improve its signs and symptoms. These studies have shown that psilocybin, as a psychoactive substance, can help control OCD symptoms and in some cases can even reduce repetitive and compulsive behaviors. However, before using psilocybin or any other substance, be sure to check with your doctor to make sure it is the right and safe way to treat your OCD.

OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) is a mental disorder that is associated with irrational repetition of thoughts and worries (obsessions) and performing repetitive and compulsive actions (compulsions). This disorder can affect people's daily life and severely reduce the quality of life. Research has shown that psilocybin, a chemical compound found in chanterelle mushrooms, may be effective in improving OCD symptoms.

Psilocybin is a complex compound that, upon entering the brain, causes strong psychoactive effects with rapid action. This compound in the brain quickly goes to the precursor of serotonin (5-HT2A) and by interacting with it, it creates changes in different neural networks.

Research conducted on the effects of psilocybin and ocd shows that this compound can be effective as a psychoactive agent in improving the signs and symptoms of OCD. One study of people with OCD found that taking a single session of psilocybin under the supervision of a doctor may lead to significant improvement in OCD symptoms. Other research has also shown that psilocybin can affect brain function and alter abnormal activity patterns in neural networks associated with OCD.

Among the effects of psilocybin in improving OCD symptoms are:

1. Reducing the intensity of obsessions and compulsions: taking psilocybin may reduce the intensity and recurrence of obsessions and compulsions.

2. Increase mental flexibility: Psilocybin can help people to effectively disengage from their obsessive thoughts and encourage the mind to be more flexible in the face of these thoughts.

3. Experience more reality: with the effect of psilocybin, people may have deeper experiences of reality that can cause a change in attitude to ephedra. In addition to the positive effects, it should be noted that the use of psilocybin may also be accompanied by side effects such as anxiety, exacerbation of obsessions. , mood changes and unpleasant experiences such as hallucinations or false experiences.

Also, psilocybin consumption should be done under the supervision and guidance of professionals and in a safe and controlled environment. This compound is not legal in many countries and its use without legal authorization may cause legal problems.

Therefore, before using psilocybin or any other substance to treat OCD, be sure to consult your doctor and it is better to consider other treatment strategies such as psychotherapy or medications prescribed by the doctor. Also, things like your medical history, medications, and your physical and mental condition should also be taken into consideration in making a decision.

Treatment options for OCD

Many people who experience OCD symptoms never seek treatment, perhaps because symptoms can come and go and they can vary in severity over a lifetime.

With OCD, getting treatment early on is usually the best course of action. Outcomes tend to be more successful with early intervention and appropriate care.

Outcomes are also better Trusted Source when treatment is provided by an interdisciplinary healthcare team. This can include doctors, psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and pharmacologists who work together to create a treatment plan that meets your individual needs.

Most people with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder suffer from both obsessions and compulsions. “Obsessions” are thoughts, mental pictures, or impulses that are upsetting but that keep coming back. “Compulsions” are actions that people feel they have to perform to keep from feeling anxious or to prevent something bad from happening.

Common obsessions include fears of getting a disease, fears of hurting someone, fears of forgetting to do something, and fears of doing something embarrassing or immoral. Compulsions are also called “rituals.” Common compulsions include excessive washing or cleaning, checking, repeating actions, hoarding and putting objects in a set pattern.

Most people with OCD know that their fears are not completely realistic at least some of the time. They also feel that their compulsions do not make sense. However, they find themselves unable to stop. Cognitive-behavioral ocd therapy has been demonstrated by research to help people manage and overcome obsessive-compulsive disorder.

PSILOCYBIN AND OCD

Research supporting psilocybin’s use in treating OCD

Despite a paucity of clinical trials investigating the anti-obsessional effect of psilocybin,

converging evidence from a number of sources, as well as an array of possible

mechanisms of action, lend support to its plausibility as a treatment. Although a

considerable number of user reports on the internet - and one critically acclaimed stand-

up comedy show, developed and performed by an OCD patient - attest to the efficacy of

psilocybin, their comparatively low evidentiary weight preclude their exploration here.

In a rodent model of OCD - marble burying behavior - Matsushima and colleagues

(2009) studied the effects both of psilocybin, and a solution of powdered Psilocybe

argentipes, in mice. While both synthetic psilocybin and the mushroom solution were

recorded to reduce marble burying without reducing general locomotor activity, this

study bears three points worthy of consideration. Firstly, compared to psilocybin, a

much smaller dose of mushroom extract was required to produce significant effects on

marble-burying, suggesting a partial therapeutic role for other components of P.

argentipes. The other psychoactive alkaloids found in the Psilocybe genus, baeocystin

and norbaeocystin, may exert independent effects, or interact with psilocin in an

‘entourage effect’. Secondly, other work investigating psilocybin in rodent models has

failed to detect any therapeutic benefit. Psilocybin produces no change in a rat model of

depression (Jefsen et al., 2019), despite strong antidepressive action being repeatedly

found in human trials. Further research is required to account for this difference, but it

may be that antidepressive action requires cognitive or psychological abilities lacking in

rodents (e.g., the perception and processing of awe or meaning), whereas anti-

obsessional effects are mainly driven by direct pharmacological mechanisms. Finally,

any proposed pharmacological model of the reduction of marble-burying should aim to

go beyond a simple account of agonism at one receptor, since P. argentipes did not

produce a proportional dose-response relationship, displaying instead an inverted ueffect..

The important thing is that most of the positive changes that occur after well-planned psilocybin therapy by a psychotherapist occur after the session. And during the session, a person just feels all the usual attributes of a trip, such as hallucinations, changes in the nature of the flow of thoughts, changes in attitude. Again, these feelings are not the end goal of therapy, but its side effect, as if we were considering top nootropics for the long term. Therefore, taking psilocybin for the sake of glitches is like accelerating a plane so that the engine roars louder.

An important point that will be repeated several times in the text: just because something causes a boost in neuroplasticity, this does not mean that a person will have a positive effect. And this is not necessarily evidence that the therapy was successful. For neuroplasticity to have a therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction, it must help a person become more adaptive, develop skills or feelings that will help him function more effectively in life.

The material also touches on the topic of how the conditions of a psilocybin trip affect a person. How does the condition change if therapy is carried out with closed or open eyes, do phases with closed and open eyes alternate, and does music play during the procedure? Moreover, depending on what kind of music was played during the procedure, how a person will feel a few days, weeks and months after a course of psilocybin therapy depends. Which already offers effectiveness at the level of what CBT psychology offers.

The doغیر مجاز می باشدe, types of psilocybin and the number of psilocybin sessions are also important. Even one psilocybin trip can improve your mood in the long term. But most clinical studies use two doses, very precisely spaced apart. And all the auxiliary factors: closed/open eyes, music and the work of the sitter are extremely important.

So whether you are interested in participating in or setting up a clinical trial using psilocybin, or are interested in psilocybin for other reasons, this information is critical to understand.

Disclaimer 2: At the time of writing and publication of this material, in 2023, psilocybin is still a banned substance in most countries of the world. Unless, in the state of Oregon, psilocybin was approved for therapeutic use for certain diseases: namely, to get rid of depression and several forms of addiction. So in Oregon it is more or less decriminalized, but not legal. But in general, psilocybin and other psychedelics are still considered illegal. Possession and sale of psilocybin is punishable by law. Do not use psilocybin without government approval or in violation of the law.

The reason for writing/translating the material is that I believe that with this knowledge, you will be able to draw your own conclusions about what psilocybin mushrooms are and what role they can play in human life.

Diagnosis

Your health care provider will want to determine whether other conditions may be causing your anxiety or if you have social anxiety disorder along with another physical or mental health disorder.

Your health care provider may determine a diagnosis based on:

Physical exam to help assess whether any medical condition or medication may trigger symptoms of anxiety

Discussion of your symptoms, how often they occur and in what situations

Review of a list of situations to see if they make you anxious

Self-report questionnaires about symptoms of social anxiety

Criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association

DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety therapy disorder include:

Persistent, intense fear or anxiety about specific social situations because you believe you may be judged negatively, embarrassed or humiliated

Avoidance of anxiety-producing social situations or enduring them with intense fear or anxiety

Excessive anxiety that's out of proportion to the situation

Anxiety or distress that interferes with your daily living

Fear or anxiety that is not better explained by a medical condition, medication or substance abuse

Care at Mayo Clinic

Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your social anxiety disorder (social phobia)-related health concerns

Start Here

Treatment

Treatment depends on how much social anxiety therapy disorder affects your ability to function in daily life. The most common treatment for social anxiety disorder includes psychotherapy (also called psychological counseling or talk therapy) or medications or both.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy improves symptoms in most people with social anxiety disorder. In therapy, you learn how to recognize and change negative thoughts about yourself and develop skills to help you gain confidence in social situations.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective type of psychotherapy for anxiety, and it can be equally effective when conducted individually or in groups.

In exposure-based CBT, you gradually work up to facing the situations you fear most. This can improve your coping skills and help you develop the confidence to deal with anxiety-inducing situations. You may also participate in skills training or role-playing to practice your social skills and gain comfort and confidence relating to others. Practicing exposures to social situations is particularly helpful to challenge your worries.

First choices in medications

Though several types of medications are available, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often the first type of drug tried for persistent symptoms of social anxiety. Your health care provider may prescribe paroxetine (Paxil) or sertraline (Zoloft).

The serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine (Effexor XR) also may be an option for social anxiety disorder.

To reduce the risk of side effects, your health care provider may start you at a low dose of medication and gradually increase your prescription to a full dose. It may take several weeks to several months of treatment for your symptoms to noticeably improve.

Diagnosis

Your health care provider will want to determine whether other conditions may be causing your anxiety or if you have social anxiety disorder along with another physical or mental health disorder.

Your health care provider may determine a diagnosis based on:

Physical exam to help assess whether any medical condition or medication may trigger symptoms of anxiety

Discussion of your symptoms, how often they occur and in what situations

Review of a list of situations to see if they make you anxious

Self-report questionnaires about symptoms of social anxiety

Criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association

DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety therapy disorder include:

Persistent, intense fear or anxiety about specific social situations because you believe you may be judged negatively, embarrassed or humiliated

Avoidance of anxiety-producing social situations or enduring them with intense fear or anxiety

Excessive anxiety that's out of proportion to the situation

Anxiety or distress that interferes with your daily living

Fear or anxiety that is not better explained by a medical condition, medication or substance abuse

Care at Mayo Clinic

Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your social anxiety disorder (social phobia)-related health concerns

Start Here

Treatment

Treatment depends on how much social anxiety therapy disorder affects your ability to function in daily life. The most common treatment for social anxiety disorder includes psychotherapy (also called psychological counseling or talk therapy) or medications or both.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy improves symptoms in most people with social anxiety disorder. In therapy, you learn how to recognize and change negative thoughts about yourself and develop skills to help you gain confidence in social situations.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective type of psychotherapy for anxiety, and it can be equally effective when conducted individually or in groups.

In exposure-based CBT, you gradually work up to facing the situations you fear most. This can improve your coping skills and help you develop the confidence to deal with anxiety-inducing situations. You may also participate in skills training or role-playing to practice your social skills and gain comfort and confidence relating to others. Practicing exposures to social situations is particularly helpful to challenge your worries.

First choices in medications

Though several types of medications are available, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often the first type of drug tried for persistent symptoms of social anxiety. Your health care provider may prescribe paroxetine (Paxil) or sertraline (Zoloft).

The serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine (Effexor XR) also may be an option for social anxiety disorder.

To reduce the risk of side effects, your health care provider may start you at a low dose of medication and gradually increase your prescription to a full dose. It may take several weeks to several months of treatment for your symptoms to noticeably improve.

At the first stage, the person denies what happened. On the second, he realizes what happened and experiences strong emotions (fear, horror, anger, sadness). On the third, he accepts what happened and adapts. If after the second stage a person does not move on to the third stage and gets stuck in the trauma, he develops PTSD.

In the acute period (the first month after the traumatic event), a crisis psychologist works with the client. For example, if we are talking about shock due to physical trauma, being in a military conflict zone. And the trauma therapist gets involved later.

The psychologist’s task is to help the client live through the second and third stages. To do this you need:

Inform the client. Tell him that his condition is a normal reaction to a traumatic situation. Recommend books, talk about PTSD. It is important that the client understands what is happening to him and that it can be dealt with.

Work with the individual holistically. It is important not only to remove the symptoms of PTSD and work out the cause, but also to explain to the client the importance of a healthy lifestyle. Help him maximize his personal potential.

Provide social support. Communication with a psychologist already provides a powerful base, but it is important that other people also support the client. This could be friends, family or therapy groups.

Help the client individually reassess the traumatic experience. Direct processing of trauma.

PTSD Treatment Plan

1. Establishing contact. The specialist needs to determine the client’s motivation and mood, his attitude towards therapy, himself and the psychologist himself. Set up for work: talk about PTSD, therapy, talk through the client’s fears and anxieties.

The goal of therapy is to help the client feel in control of life, accept experience, and take responsibility. At the beginning, it seems to him that the future is doomed, and the pain will never go away. The psychologist’s task is to set the client up for work. To do this, at the stage of establishing contact, you can ask questions:

What helped you cope at that moment?

What has kept you going all this time?

What you went through is terrible, but can you say that it made you stronger?

What resources did you see in yourself then, and do you see now?

What would you say to someone who has experienced something similar?

In the work, you can ask questions from three groups: establishing contact, collecting information about the injury, maintaining the client’s confidence. It is important to move at a pace that is comfortable for the client to avoid retraumatization.

2. Working with emotions. The psychologist needs to help the client release repressed feelings and emotions. And also ask the client’s loved ones to support the experience of emotions, and not try to distract him.

3. Processing traumatic memories. The psychologist’s task at this stage is to work through the trauma using psychotherapy methods.

In addition, the psychologist must remember that a person may have several traumas, and they may overlap each other. And the subjective perception of a traumatic situation is different for each client. There cannot be a universal algorithm in PTSD therapy; in this article we have analyzed the basis of the work.

Augmented therapies: psychedelic substances, scientific evidence (Henrik Jungaberle)

Augmented therapies combine therapy and the taking of psychedelic substances. In Germany, the development of this emerging technique is supported by the MIND Foundation, which participates in scientific studies, organizes an international congress and trains doctors. A request is even underway for doctors in training to be able to experiment with these psychedelic substances themselves. It must be said that the clinical results of this innovative treatment look promising, particularly for the treatment of recalcitrant depression. Explanations from Dr Jungaberle, director of the MIND Foundation.

We created this non-profit organization five years ago to support research, scientific communication and continuing education for doctors and psychotherapists. For two years, OVID Clinics has provided a clinical setting in which we can treat patients.

We are probably the first organization in the world, in the field of psychedelics, whose work is entirely based on scientific evidence. We consider psychedelic treatments to lie exactly at the intersection of medicine and psychotherapy. And we want to bring this form of therapy to the heart of international medicine.

What is augmented psychotherapy?

We have a certain conception of psychedelic therapy, and it differs from that defended, for example, by Stan Grof 1 in the 1960s and 1970s. We believe that psychedelic therapy is a very particular form of psychotherapy. But here, the medical perspective joins the psychotherapeutic perspective.

The pharmaceutical product used is special because it generates particularly profound experiences in patients, and this requires a framework. This framework, which we believe to be rigorous, beneficial to patients and also ethical, is called psychotherapy.

What does “increase” mean? This is what psychiatrists know when certain medications are potentiated, generally by another substance. For us, this means that psychotherapy and psychedelics influence each other in their effects.

This may not be easy to imagine for someone who usually only works in organic medicine, but it's actually easy to explain: The effect of psychedelics depends on environment and attitude interior of the person who absorbs them. This means that there is an increase in this direction.

Conversely, this also means that the effect of the therapy depends on the psychedelic. This, for example, enormously influences the relationship between therapist and patient. It can accelerate the establishment of the relationship or even strengthen it.